Night vision devices gather existing ambient light (starlight, moonlight or infra-red light) through the front lens. This light, which is made up of photons goes into a photocathode tube that changes the photons to electrons. The electrons are then amplified to a much greater number through an electrical and chemical process. The electrons are then hurled against a phosphorus screen that changes the amplified electrons back into visible light that you see through the eyepiece. The image will now be a clear green-hued amplified re-creation of the scene you were observing.

A Night Vision Device can be either a 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th generation unit. What this stands for is what type of light intensifier tube is used for that particular device The light intensifier tube is the heart and soul of an NVD.

1st generation is currently the most popular type of night vision in the world. Utilising the basic principles described earlier, a 1st generation will amplify the existing light several thousand times letting you clearly see in the dark. These units provide a bright and sharp image at a low cost, which is perfect, whether you are boating, observing wildlife, or providing security for your home. You may notice the following when you are looking through a 1st gen unit

• A slight nigh-pitched whine when the unit is on.
• The image you see may be slightly blurry around the edges. This is known as Geometric Distortion.
• When you turn a 1st gen off it may glow green for some time.
• These are inherent characteristics of a 1st gen and are normal.

2nd generation is primarily used by law enforcement or for professional applications. This is because the cost of a 2nd gen unit is approximately $500.00 to $1000.00 more then a 1sl gen. The main difference between a 1st and a 2nd generation unit is the addition of a micro-channel plate, commonly referred to as a MCP. The MCP works as an electron amplifier and is placed directly behind the photocathode. The MCP consists of millions of short parallel glass tubes. When the electrons pass through these short tubes, thousands more electrons are released. This extra process allows 2nd generation units to amplify the light many more times then 1st generation giving you a brighter and sharper image.

3rd generation is the latest in night vision technology. By adding a sensitive chemical, gallium arsenide to the photocatnode a brighter and sharper image was achieved. However, it is vastly more expensive then 1st or 2nd generation. Typically a 3rd generation unit will cost in excess of $3,000.00.

4th Generation / Gated Filmless tubes:

4th generation / Gated Filmless technology represents the biggest technological breakthrough in image intensification of the past 10 years. By removing the ion barrier film and ?Gating? the system Gen 4 demonstrates substantial increases in target detection range and resolution, particularly at extremely low light levels.

The use of filmless technology and auto-gated power supply in 4th generation image intensifiers result in:

• Up to 100% improvement in photoresponse.
• Superb performance in extremely low light level
  (better S/N and EBI)
• At least triple high light level resolution
  (a minimum of 36 lp/mm compared to 12 lp/mm)

With significant improvement in contrast level and in performance under all light conditions, 4th generation represents the top of the line performance in the night vision market.
Note: The term 4th generation is used/accepted among Night Vision manufactures to describe gated filmless tubes. However, this designation is widely debated and is currently referred to as Filmless & Gated image intensifiers by the US Military.

Gen 4 technology improves night operational effectiveness for military users of night vision goggles and other night vision devices. The filmless MCP provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio than Gen 3, resulting in better image quality (less scintillation) under low-light conditions. The gated power supply further improves image resolution under high light conditions, and the reduced halo minimizes interference from bright light sources. These improvements also substantially increase the detection range of the systems.

	Gen 3 Omni IV	Gen 4	% Improvement
Photoresponse (µA/Im)	1800	1800	-
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	21.0	25.0(ground)	20% Higher
		26.0(air)	24% Higher
Resolution(lp/mm)	64	64	-
Halo(mm)	1.25	0.75	40% smaller
Reliability(hours)	10,000	10,000	-

RANGE IMPROVEMENT
Relative direction ranges
- PVS-7 System
- Overcast Starlight Conditions (-1x10E-5 tc)
- Vehicle Size Target, 30% Contrast

	Gen 2	Super Gen 2	Gen 3 OMNI I and II	Gen 3 OMNI III	Gen 3 OMNI IV	Gen IV
Detection Range (m)	170	270	240	290	360	430
% Improvement over Gen II	0%	60%	40%	70%	110%	153%

All Starlight scopes need some light to amplify. This means that if you were in complete darkness you could not see. Due to this we have a built in infra-red illuminator (IRI) on all of our scopes. Basically what an IRI does is throw out a beam of infra-red light that is near invisible to the naked eye but your NVD can see it. This allows you to use your scope even in total darkness. The IRI works like a flashlight and the distance you can see with it will be limited. We do use the most powerful eye-safe illuminator on the market. This allows our IRI to extend out to 100 yards However, because of the power at a short distance the IRI may cover only 40-60% of the viewing area.

There are many different variables that can effect the distance that you can see with a Night Vision device. First, what are you trying to see? Are you looking for another boat on the water or are you looking for a rabbit in the woods? The larger the object the easier it is too see. Plus, are you trying to see details (what we call recognition range) or are you just trying to see if something is there or maybe you will just see movement but won't be able to 100% determine who or what it is. This is called detection range. Second. Another variable is lighting conditions. The more ambient light you have (starlight, moonlight, infrared light) the better and further you will be able to see You can always see further on a night where the moon and stars are out then if 11 is cloudy and overcast. We typically state that you can tell the difference between a male and a female or a dog and a deer at about 75 to 100 yards. However, if you were looking across an open field and there was a half moon out you could see a barn or a house 500 yards away.
Remember, that the purpose of an NVD is to see in the dark not necessarily a long ways like a binocular.

As you look through a night vision device you may notice black spots on the screen. A NVD is similar to a television screen and attracts dust and dirt. Typically these spots can be cleaned. However, this may also be a spot in the tube itself. This is normal. Most tubes will have some spots in them. These black spots will not affect the performance or reliability of the night vision device.